@article{CK92,
title = {Histopathology of idiopathic chronic recurrent vertigo.},
author = {Ishiyama, A and Ishiyama, G P and Lopez, I and Eversole, L R and Honrubia, V and Baloh, R W},
issn = {0023-852X},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-11-01},
journal = {Laryngoscope},
volume = {106},
pages = {1340-6},
abstract = {

Vestibular neuritis is a degenerative neuropathy of the peripheral vestibular system. The etiology of this condition is uncertain, although it is generally believed to be viral. A small percentage of patients with vestibular neuritis have chronic recurrent episodes of vertigo. Detailed cytologic descriptions of acute or chronic vestibular neuritis are lacking, and no previous studies have reported evidence of chronic inflammation in human temporal bone specimens. The authors of this study examined temporal bone specimens from three patients with a history of chronic recurrent vertigo of unknown cause. Varying degrees of inflammation and destruction were seen in the vestibular system, and mild involvement of the cochlear system was noted. These findings are consistent with postinfectious inflammatory changes of the cochlear-vestibular system analogous to a postinfectious syndrome involving the central nervous system.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK141,
title = {Cervical vertigo--reality or fiction?},
author = {Brandt, T},
issn = {1420-3030},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-07-01},
journal = {Audiol Neurootol},
volume = {1},
pages = {187-96},
abstract = {

Neck afferents not only assist the coordination of eye, head, and body, but they also affect spatial orientation and control of posture. This implies that stimulation of, or lesions in, these structures can produce cervical vertigo. In fact, unilateral local anesthesia of the upper dorsal cervical roots induces ataxia and nystagmus in animals, and ataxia without nystagmus in humans. If cervical vertigo exists outside these experimental conditions, it is obviously characterized by ataxia and unsteadiness of gait, and not by a clear rotational or linear vertigo. Neurological, vestibular, and psychosomatic disorders must first be excluded before the dizziness and unsteadiness in cervical pain syndromes can be attributed to a cervical origin. To date, however, the syndrome remains only a theoretical possibility awaiting a reliable clinical test to demonstrate its independent existence.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK73,
title = {Vestibular neuritis: clinical-pathologic correlation.},
author = {Baloh, R W and Ishyama, A and Wackym, P A and Honrubia, V},
issn = {0194-5998},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-04-01},
journal = {Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg},
volume = {114},
pages = {586-92},
abstract = {

Postmortem examination of the brain and temporal bones of a patient with well-documented vestibular neuritis showed selective neuronal loss in Scarpatextquoterights ganglia on the side with absent caloric response. There was loss of hair cells and an "epithelialization" of the utricular macule and semicircular canal cristae on the deafferented side, and synaptic density in the vestibular nuclei on the deafferented side was decreased compared with that on the normal side. All findings were consistent with an isolated viral infection of Scarpatextquoterights ganglia. This is the first description of the effects of chronic deafferentation on the vestibular sensory epithelia and the vestibular nuclei in a human being.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK109,
title = {Crystalluria: a neglected aspect of urinary sediment analysis.},
author = {Fogazzi, G B},
issn = {0931-0509},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-02-01},
journal = {Nephrol Dial Transplant},
volume = {11},
pages = {379-87},
abstract = {

Crystalluria is a frequent finding in the routine examination of urine sediments. In most instances the precipitation of crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid triple phosphate, calcium phosphate and amorphous phosphates or urates is caused by transient supersaturation of the urine, ingestion of foods, or by changes of urine temperature and/or pH which occur upon standing after micturition. In a minority of cases, however, crystalluria is associated with pathological conditions such as urolithiasis, acute uric acid nephropathy, ethylene glycol poisoning, hypereosinophilic syndrome. In addition, crystalluria can be due to drugs such as sulphadiazine, acyclovir, triamterene, piridoxylate, primidone, which under the influence of various factors can crystallize within the tubular lumina and cause renal damage. In all these instances the study of crystalluria is diagnostically useful and is also important to follow the course of the disease. However, a proper methodological approach is necessary. This includes the handling of freshly voided urine, the knowledge of the urinary pH, and the use of a contrast phase microscope equipped with polarizing filters.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK28,
title = {Detection of viral antigen in the endolymphatic sac.},
author = {Kumagami, H},
issn = {0937-4477},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-00-01},
journal = {Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol},
volume = {253},
pages = {264-7},
abstract = {

A study was devised to determine whether or not any immune defense mechanism is present when a virus invades the human endolymphatic sac (ES). The ES was removed from 14 fresh autopsy cases having no known pre-mortem diseases in the middle and inner ears. Specimens were then examined for viral antigens including herpes simplex (HSV) type 1 and 2, mumps and cytomegalovirus using immunohistochemical methods. DNA examination by in situ hybridization was also performed for HSV. HSV antigen and DNA were observed in 9 of the 14 cases studied. These findings suggest that the virus invades the ES but is impeded by an immune defense mechanism under normal conditions. Since disease may alter host defenses, further studies are warranted to study the relationship between HSV and patients with Menieretextquoterights disease.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK147,
title = {Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings.},
author = {Radanov, B P and Sturzenegger, M and Di Stefano, G},
issn = {0025-7974},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-09-01},
journal = {Medicine (Baltimore)},
volume = {74},
pages = {281-97},
abstract = {

With the increased incidence of whiplash injury following the introduction of compulsory car seat belts, a large number of reports have dealt with the aftermath of this condition. Previous studies, however, focused on somatic symptoms on the one hand or considered only psychological or neuropsychological variables on the other hand, often in loosely defined or selected groups of patients. No study so far has analyzed the long-term outcome in a nonselected group of patients using a clear injury definition considering patient history; somatic, radiologic, and neuropsychological findings; and features of the injury mechanisms assessed soon after trauma and during follow-up. the present investigation was designed to assess these combined factors. According to a strict definition of whiplash injury, we assessed a consecutive nonselected sample of 117 patients with recent injury who had similar sociocultural and educational backgrounds. The patients had been in automobile crashes and were all equally covered by accident insurance according to the country-wide scheme. Initial examination was performed 7.2 +/- 4.2 days after trauma, and follow-up examinations 3, 6, 12, and 24 months later. At baseline, features of injury mechanism, subjective complaints, and different aspects of patient history were documented and cervical spine X rays performed. At all examinations patients underwent neurologic examination and cognitive and psychosocial factor assessment. At 2 years, patients were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups and then compared with regard to the initial findings. In addition, symptomatic patients who were disabled at the 2-year follow-up examination and symptomatic patients not disabled (that is, they were able to work at the pretraumatic level) were compared regarding initial and 2-year findings. At 2 years, 18% of patients still had injury-related symptoms. With regard to baseline findings the following significant differences were found: Symptomatic patients were older, had higher incidence of rotated or inclined head position at the time of impact, had higher prevalence of pretraumatic headache, showed higher intensity of initial neck pain and headache, complained of a greater number of symptoms, had a higher incidence of symptoms of radicular deficit and higher average scores on a multiple symptom analysis, and displayed more degenerative signs (osteoarthrosis) on X ray. In addition, symptomatic patients scored higher with regard to impaired well-being and performed worse on tasks of attentional functioning and showed more concern with regard to long-term suffering and disability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK135,
title = {Dizziness following head injury: a neuro-otological study.},
author = {Davies, R A and Luxon, L M},
issn = {0340-5354},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-03-01},
journal = {J Neurol},
volume = {242},
pages = {222-30},
abstract = {

Dizziness is a frequent and debilitating complications of head injury and accounts for increasing numbers of medico-legal claims. A detailed neuro-otological study was carried out from the records of 100 patients with post-traumatic dizziness to explore the neuro-otological basis of their symptoms: 50 patients presenting for medico-legal purposes (group I) and 50 presenting for management of their vestibular symptoms (group II). The two groups showed a similar sex distribution, a similar range of causes of head injury and similar severity of head injury (72 minor, 24 moderate and 4 severe). Of the 100, 88 showed at least one audio-vestibular abnormality on testing. Vertigo of the benign positional paroxysmal type was the commonest vestibular diagnosis in both groups (61/100), and only 8 patients showed central vestibular abnormalities. Fifty-three patients had audiometric abnormalities attributable to the head injury, the commonest of which was a high-tone sensorineural hearing loss. There was no significant difference in the incidence of any of the abnormalities in the medico-legal group (group I) when compared with the symptom management group (group II). The results provide strong evidence for an organic basis to recurring dizziness after head injury, whether or not a claim for compensation is pending, and emphasize the need for specialist neuro-otological investigation if abnormalities are to be identified and managed correctly.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK136,
title = {[Histopathology of nonacoustic labyrinth following head injury in guinea pigs].},
author = {Zhou, D and Xu, W and He, L},
issn = {0412-3948},
year = {1994},
date = {1994-00-01},
journal = {Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi},
volume = {29},
pages = {350-2},
abstract = {

The histopathological changes in nonacoustic labyrinth induced by experimental head injury were studied in 11 guinea pigs. The animals were divided into two groups. The first group were killed after the pain sense recovered and the second group were allowed to survive for 15 days. The temporal bones were serially sectioned and observed under light microscope. The pathological findings of the vestibular organs included arrangement disturbance, lytic, exfoliate and vacuolization of the sensory epithelia, massive spherical bodies in the region of cilium. The otolithic membranes were exfoliated in the utricular and saccular maculae. There was the otolith by the ductus reuniens separated from the saccular maculae in one ear. There were basophilic staining homogenous deposit on the cristae ampullaris. These findings showed that impairments of vestibulae following head injury were obvious. The secondary impairments, cupulolithiasis and obstruction of the ductus reuniens, from the utricular and saccular maculae were one of the pathologic changes in hearing loss and vertigo following head injury.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK278,
title = {Outcome of sudden deafness with and without vertigo.},
author = {Nakashima, T and Yanagita, N},
doi = {10.1288/00005537-199310000-00012},
issn = {0023-852X},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-10-01},
journal = {Laryngoscope},
volume = {103},
pages = {1145-9},
abstract = {

The outcome of unilateral sudden deafness with and without vertigo was evaluated according to the severity of the initial hearing loss, the shape of the audiogram, and other variables. The subjects for this investigation were 1313 patients who had presented to the authorstextquoteright university hospital from 1972 to 1990 within 2 weeks of the onset of hearing loss. Thirty percent of the patients had accompanying vertigo. Vertigo occurred frequently in patients with severe hearing loss in the high-tone frequencies. Hearing recovery of high-tone frequencies was worse in patients with vertigo than in those without vertigo even when the initial hearing loss was the same. It is hypothesized that these results can be explained by anatomical factors; the cochlear basal turn being more proximal to the vestibular apparatus than the upper turn.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK24,
title = {Diuretic and diet effect on Meni`eretextquoterights disease evaluated by the 1985 Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines.},
author = {Santos, P M and Hall, R A and Snyder, J M and Hughes, L F and Dobie, R A},
issn = {0194-5998},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-10-01},
journal = {Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg},
volume = {109},
pages = {680-9},
abstract = {

Fifty-four patients, diagnosed with Meni`eretextquoterights disease and treated with diuretics and a low-salt diet, were evaluated retrospectively with the 1985 AAO/HNS Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium (CHE) guidelines for vertigo and hearing changes. The patient data base was also evaluated with other methods that helped determine the effectiveness of the 1985 AAO/HNS CHE guidelines. After 24 months of therapy, vertigo control was complete or substantial in 79% of the patients, limited or insignificant in 19%, and worse in 2% as evaluated by the CHE 1985 guidelines. Hearing improved in 35% of the patients, was unchanged in 29%, was worse in 22%, and could not be classified by CHE guidelines in 14%. Hearing was also evaluated by comparison of individual thresholds before medical therapy, and at 22 and 74 months after the start of medical therapy. We found a stabilization of low- and mid-threshold frequencies, with an average rate of hearing loss approximating 0 dB/yr with 74 months of followup. The results of this preliminary study suggest that diuretics and a low-salt diet may decrease the natural progression of sensorineural hearing loss in patients with Meni`eretextquoterights disease. Compared with other methods of data analysis, the 1985 CHE guidelines lacked sensitivity to evaluate the hearing changes observed.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK79,
title = {Viruses and vestibular neuritis: review of human and animal studies.},
author = {Davis, L E},
issn = {0365-5237},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-00-01},
journal = {Acta Otolaryngol Suppl},
volume = {503},
pages = {70-3},
abstract = {

There is increasing evidence in man and animals that several human viruses can damage the vestibular labyrinth. Clinical and serologic studies of patients with vestibular neuritis suggest that the viruses may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Temporal bone studies of patients dying after vestibular neuritis have found maximal damage in the distal branches of the vestibular nerve. These changes are felt to be consistent with a viral etiology. No satisfactory animal viral model of vestibular neuritis currently exists. However, animal studies have demonstrated that several human viruses including rubeola, herpes simplex, reovirus, mouse and guinea pig cytomegalovirus, and neurotropic strains of influenza A and mumps virus, can infect the vestibular nerve and the vestibular membranous labyrinth.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK66,
title = {Vestibular neuronitis: epidemiological survey by questionnaire in Japan.},
author = {Sekitani, T and Imate, Y and Noguchi, T and Inokuma, T},
issn = {0365-5237},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-00-01},
journal = {Acta Otolaryngol Suppl},
volume = {503},
pages = {9-12},
abstract = {

An epidemiological survey on vestibular neuronitis in Japan was conducted by means of a questionnaire filled in by major neuro-otology clinics (otolaryngologists) during 1988-1990 (3 years). The diagnostic criteria of vestibular neuronitis settled on in 1986 by the Standardization Committee of the Japan Society of Equilibrium Research were applied. Gross analysis of questionnaire answers showed that i) there was no sexual difference, ii) the peak of age distribution was between 40-50 years, iii) about 30% of all cases had had common colds prior to the disease, the rate being highest among children below 10 years, iv) disappearance of positional and positioning nystagmus appeared in about 60% of all cases within 3 months, and that v) caloric CP was observed in about half of the cases at the follow-up test. Progress was not as favorable when compared to previous studies.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK68,
title = {[Isolated vertigo disclosing infarction in the area of the posterior and inferior cerebellar arteries].},
author = {Masson, C and Sterkers, O and Chaigne, P and Colombani, J M and Masson, M},
issn = {0003-438X},
year = {1992},
date = {1992-00-01},
journal = {Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac},
volume = {109},
pages = {80-6},
abstract = {

We report three cases of small cerebellar infarcts mimicking labyrinthine dysfunction. A sudden rotatory vertigo might be the only presenting symptom of a cerebellar infarct. In these cases, the clinical features may closely mimick an acute peripheral labyrinthine disorder. However, the absence of nystagmus or a direction changing nystagmus with different eye position and the normality of caloric responses may be suggestive of a cerebellar infarct. This syndrome may be explained by the involvement of the nodulus, part of the flocculo-nodular complex, that has primary vestibular connections. Cerebellar infarcts mimicking labyrinthine dysfunctions involved usually the cerebellar territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Infarcts may be limited to the territory of the medial branch of the PICA which supplies the nodulus.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK56,
title = {Clinical assessment of postural stability following vestibular nerve section.},
author = {Cass, S P and Kartush, J M and Graham, M D},
doi = {10.1288/00005537-199110000-00005},
issn = {0023-852X},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-10-01},
journal = {Laryngoscope},
volume = {101},
pages = {1056-9},
abstract = {

Little is known about the recovery of postural control in patients following acute vestibular loss. This paper reports on the results of moving-platform posturography to assess the recovery of postural stability in 24 patients following vestibular nerve section. Posturography was abnormal prior to surgery in 17% of the patients. Seven days following surgery, 44% of the patients demonstrated vestibular deficit patterns, while 56% of the patients had normal posturography. Posturography was normal in all patients 1 month following surgery. Abnormal posturography was subsequently noted in 21% of the patients between 3 and 20 months following surgery. Each of the patients with abnormal preoperative posturography subsequently demonstrated abnormal late postoperative posturography. These results suggest that perioperative posturography may be useful in the evaluation and counseling of patients considering ablative vestibular surgery.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK54,
title = {Vestibular neurotomy by retrosigmoid approach: technique, indications, and results.},
author = {Magnan, J and Bremond, G and Chays, A and Gignac, D and Florence, A},
issn = {0192-9763},
year = {1991},
date = {1991-03-01},
journal = {Am J Otol},
volume = {12},
pages = {101-4},
abstract = {

During the past 15 years, 96 retrosigmoid vestibular neurotomies have been used in the surgical management of incapacitating Menieretextquoterights disease for the control of vertigo and preservation of hearing. This posterior approach of the pontocerebellar angle gives the best view on the acousticofacial nerve bundle, through a 2 x 2 cm suboccipital craniotomy immediately behind the mastoid and sigmoid sinus. Then the vestibular nerve is easily identified, separated from the cochlear nerve and sectioned, the facial nerve not being at risk, as it lies much deeper. Actually, the majority of authors agree that vestibular neurotomy is the most effective surgical treatment in relieving disabling vertigo (96% of cases) with serviceable hearing, but few surgeons know that the retrosigmoid approach is simpler and more reliable than the middle fossa or retrolabyrinthine approaches, with a low incidence of complications. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the routine use of the retrosigmoid approach.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK277,
title = {The pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.},
author = {Schuknecht, H F and Donovan, E D},
issn = {0302-9530},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-00-01},
journal = {Arch Otorhinolaryngol},
volume = {243},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {

We examined the temporal bone pathologies in 12 ears with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and found that the lesions present in these specimens and in 10 others reported in the literature are similar to lesions occurring in known cases of viral cochleitis. These lesions are unlike those resulting from known vascular causes.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK137,
title = {Vestibular disorders following head injury in children.},
author = {Vartiainen, E and Karjalainen, S and K{ä}rj{ä}, J},
issn = {0165-5876},
year = {1985},
date = {1985-07-01},
journal = {Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol},
volume = {9},
pages = {135-41},
abstract = {

One hundred and ninety-nine child patients with blunt head injury were examined. Spontaneous and/or positional nystagmus (greater than or equal to 7 degrees/s) was observed immediately after trauma in 46% of cases, 6-12 months (average 10.2 months) later in 20%, and 2-8 years (average 4.7 years) later in 18%. Central ENG disturbances were found immediately after trauma in 43% of cases, 6-12 months later in 24%, and 2-8 years later in 12%. Only 1.5% of the child patients suffered from vertigo more than 6 months after trauma. The results of the study led to the conclusion that head injuries cause about as many similar objective vestibular lesions in children as in adults but fewer subjective symptoms.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK145,
title = {Cervicocollic reflex: its dynamic properties and interaction with vestibular reflexes.},
author = {Peterson, B W and Goldberg, J and Bilotto, G and Fuller, J H},
issn = {0022-3077},
year = {1985},
date = {1985-07-01},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
volume = {54},
pages = {90-109},
abstract = {

Electromyographic activity of dorsal neck muscles elicited by sinusoidal rotations of the body and head was studied in decerebrate cats over a wide range of rotational frequencies and amplitudes. Rotation of the body with the head held fixed in space elicited a cervicocollic reflex (CCR) in the biventer cervicis, complexus, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis major, and splenius muscles. As stimulus amplitude increased, CCR amplitude increased first rapidly and then more slowly, displaying two linear incremental sensitivity ranges. In contrast, the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) elicited by whole body rotation had a minimum stimulus threshold below which no response was observed, whereas the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) saturated at intermediate stimulus intensities. When stimulus frequency was varied, the CCR exhibited second-order dynamic behavior. At frequencies below 0.5 Hz, muscle EMG activation was in phase with peak platform angular deviation in the direction that stretched the muscle, and the gain measured as the percent modulation of EMG activity per degree of rotation remained constant. As frequency increased to 3-4 Hz, response phase advanced by 120 deg or more and gain increased with a slope approaching 40 dB/decade. The data were well-fitted by second-order transfer functions containing two zeros. Both the dynamic behavior of the CCR and its high sensitivity to small stimuli resemble the properties of muscle spindle primary afferents, suggesting that the latter may provide the major input responsible for the CCR. Dynamic properties and gains of the CCR and VCR were quite similar at frequencies between 0.2 and 3-4 Hz. Transfer functions of both reflexes contained two zeros whose time constants were correlated in a population of 11 cats, suggesting that reflex dynamics may be matched to the mechanical properties of each animaltextquoterights head-neck system. Interaction of the CCR and VCR was studied under two conditions. When the head was driven by a servomotor while the body remained stationary, EMG activation by the two reflexes added linearly to produce a large response. When the body was rotated with the head allowed to counterrotate about the C1-C2 joint, the two reflexes combined linearly in an antagonistic fashion: the CCR acted to oppose head rotations produced by the VCR, thus preventing the ratio of head counterrotation to body rotation from exceeding 0.5. The data indicate that the CCR and VCR behave approximately linearly, both individually and in combination. Acting together, the two reflexes assist each other in preventing oscillation of the head on a stationary body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK267,
title = {Sudden hearing loss: eight yearstextquoteright experience and suggested prognostic table.},
author = {Byl, F M},
issn = {0023-852X},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-05-01},
journal = {Laryngoscope},
volume = {94},
pages = {647-61},
abstract = {

The etiology, incidence, acute and late prognosis, and treatment of sudden hearing loss (SHL) are described variously in the literature. In an 8-year prospective study of 225 SHL patients, initiated in July 1973, overall, normal, or complete recovery occurred in 45% of patients and late otologic complications in 28%. Important prognostic indicators were severity of initial hearing loss and vertigo, time to initial audiogram, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate; other indicators were age greater than 60 and less than 15 years, midfrequency audiogram configuration, and hearing status of the opposite ear. A common inflammatory cause is suggested for all degrees of severity in SHL, and a prognostic table is provided to aid the practitioner in predicting recovery. There is still no evidence that treatment achieves a result better than expected with spontaneous recovery.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{CK272,
title = {Natural history of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.},
author = {Mattox, D E and Simmons, F B},
issn = {0003-4894},
year = {1977},
date = {1977-07-01},
journal = {Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol},
volume = {86},
pages = {463-80},
abstract = {

This is a prospective in-depth study of patients with sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. We found that 65% recover completely to functional hearing levels spontaneously and independent of any type of medical treatment. The majority do so within 14 days and many within the first few days. Prognosis can be predicted according to the slope of the initial audiogram (low-frequency losses do better than high-frequency losses), hearing at 8 kHz, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, in some select instances spatial disorientation symptoms, and speech discrimination scores. There was a very poor correlation between hearing and vestibular test abnormalities, except hypoactive calories. There were no correlations with age (excepting the very elderly), with antecedent respiratory infections, hypertension, diabetes, or other chronic diseases. We conclude that there is a fundamental difference in the behavior of apical and basal cochlea losses, that hearing recovery is always better at low than at high frequencies, that because of the high spontaneous recovery rates, tympanotomies seeking peri-lymph fistulas should be delayed ten days unless there is a progressive hearing loss, and that none of the current recommended treatments, especially histamine, have any effect on the outcome.

},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}